Introduction
In today’s digital age, web applications serve as the backbone of online services, catering to a myriad of user needs ranging from e-commerce transactions to social networking interactions. However, the success and usability of these applications are heavily contingent upon their performance. Slow loading times, unresponsive interfaces, and system downtimes can significantly impact user satisfaction and business outcomes. Behind the scenes, the efficiency of web applications is intricately tied to the performance of their underlying databases [1]. Database optimization plays a pivotal role in streamlining data retrieval, storage, and processing operations, thereby enhancing overall application performance.
This comprehensive study