Introduction
Every DML transaction reads the data before it makes any changes. Not only during a SELECT query, but when you run any DML statement, insert, update, or delete, SQL Server first fetches a bunch of pages into the buffer pool locating the desired rows and changes them while synchronously writing to the transaction log file.
While indexes on tables help improve read performance, they add overhead during modifications to the data. Every insert, update or delete that affects the columns in the base table, a heap or a clustered index, also occurs on any non-clustered indexes that contain that